Class IX Science

Unit I: Matter – Its Nature and Behaviour (≈25 marks)

1. Matter in Our Surroundings
   
   • Definition of matter, states (solid, liquid, gas), characteristics, change of state (melting, freezing, evaporation, condensation, sublimation), latent heat.
2. Is Matter Around Us Pure?
   
   • Mixtures vs. pure substances, solutions, colloids, suspensions, separation techniques (filtration, distillation, etc.), physical & chemical changes.
3. Atoms and Molecules
   
   • Laws of chemical combination, atomic & molecular masses, mole concept, writing chemical formulae.
4. Structure of the Atom
   
   • Discovery of sub-atomic particles, atomic models (Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr), electrons/protons/neutrons distribution, valency, isotopes/isobars.

Unit II: Organisation in the Living World (≈22 marks)

5. The Fundamental Unit of Life (Cell – Basic Unit of Life)
   
   • Cell as basic unit, prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells, cell organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, ER, Golgi, etc.), cell membrane/wall.
6. Tissues
   
   • Plant tissues (meristematic, permanent), animal tissues (epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous).

Unit III: Motion, Force and Work (≈27 marks)

7. Motion
   
   • Distance vs. displacement, speed/velocity, uniform/non-uniform motion, acceleration, equations of motion, graphs.
8. Force and Laws of Motion
   
   • Balanced/unbalanced forces, Newton's laws of motion, inertia, momentum, conservation of momentum.
9. Gravitation
   
   • Universal law of gravitation, free fall, acceleration due to gravity, mass vs. weight, thrust & pressure (sometimes included or linked).
10. Work and Energy
    
    • Work done by force, energy (kinetic, potential), law of conservation of energy, power.
11. Sound
    
    • Nature of sound, production/transmission, characteristics (pitch, loudness, quality), echo, ultrasound, SONAR.

Unit IV: Food; Food Production (≈06 marks)

12. Improvement in Food Resources
    
    • Crop production & management, animal husbandry, improvement in yields (plant breeding, tissue culture), food from animals.