Class XI: Chemistry Syllabus (Units 1–9, 13–14)
Focus on basic principles, atomic/molecular structure, thermodynamics, equilibrium, and introductory organic.
| Unit | Topic | Key Subtopics |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Some Basic Concepts in Chemistry | Matter and its nature; Dalton's atomic theory; laws of chemical combination; atomic/molecular masses; mole concept; molar mass; percentage composition; empirical/molecular formulae; chemical equations; stoichiometry. |
| 2 | Atomic Structure | Electromagnetic radiation; photoelectric effect; hydrogen spectrum; Bohr model (postulates, energy/radii, limitations); dual nature of matter; de Broglie's relation; Heisenberg uncertainty; quantum mechanics basics; atomic orbitals (Ψ/Ψ², quantum numbers); shapes of s/p/d orbitals; electron filling rules (Aufbau, Pauli, Hund); electronic configurations; stability of half-filled/full orbitals. |
| 3 | Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure | Kossel-Lewis approach; ionic/covalent bonds; lattice enthalpy; Fajan's rule; dipole moment; VSEPR theory/shapes; valence bond theory (hybridization s/p/d, resonance); molecular orbital theory (LCAOs, bonding/antibonding, σ/π bonds, bond order/length/energy); metallic/hydrogen bonding. |
| 4 | Chemical Thermodynamics | System/surroundings; extensive/intensive properties; state functions; first law (work/heat/internal energy/enthalpy); heat capacity; Hess's law; enthalpies (bond dissociation/combustion/formation/atomization/sublimation/phase transition/hydration/ionization/solution); second law (spontaneity, ∆S universe, ∆G system/criteria, ∆G°/equilibrium constant). |
| 5 | Solutions | Concentration (molality/molarity/mole fraction/%); vapor pressure/Raoult's law; ideal/non-ideal solutions; colligative properties (vapor pressure lowering/freezing point depression/boiling point elevation/osmotic pressure); molecular mass determination; van't Hoff factor. |
| 6 | Equilibrium | Dynamic equilibrium; physical equilibria (solid-liquid/gas, Henry's law); chemical equilibria (Kp/Kc, ∆G/∆G° significance, factors: concentration/pressure/temp/catalyst, Le Chatelier); ionic equilibrium (electrolytes, acids/bases: Arrhenius/Brønsted-Lowry/Lewis, ionization constants, pH, common ion, hydrolysis, solubility products, buffers). |
| 7 | Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry | Oxidation/reduction (electronic concepts, oxidation numbers, balancing); conduction (electrolytic/metallic); conductance/molar conductivity (Kohlrausch's law); electrochemical cells (electrolytic/Galvanic, electrodes, potentials: standard/half-cell, emf, Nernst equation); ∆G/emf relation; dry cell/lead accumulator/fuel cells. |
| 8 | Chemical Kinetics | Reaction rates/factors (concentration/temp/pressure/catalyst); order/molecularity; rate law/constant/units; zero/first-order (differential/integral, half-lives); temperature effect (Arrhenius, activation energy); collision theory. |
| 9 | Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties | Modern periodic law/table; s/p/d/f blocks; trends (atomic/ionic radii, ionization/electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states, reactivity). |
| 13 | Purification and Characterisation of Organic Compounds | Purification (crystallization/sublimation/distillation/extraction/chromatography); qualitative analysis (N/S/P/halogens); quantitative analysis (C/H/N/halogens/S/P); empirical/molecular formulae calculations. |
| 14 | Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry | Carbon tetravalency/hybridization; functional groups (halogens/O/N/S); homologous series; isomerism (structural/stereoisomerism); nomenclature (IUPAC); bond fission (homolytic/heterolytic); electrophiles/nucleophiles; electronic effects (inductive/electromeric/resonance/hyperconjugation); reactions (substitution/addition/elimination/rearrangement). |
Class XII: Chemistry Syllabus (Units 10–12, 15–20)
Emphasis on block chemistry, coordination, hydrocarbons, functional groups, biomolecules, and practicals.
| Unit | Topic | Key Subtopics |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | p-Block Elements | Group 13–18: electronic configuration/trends (physical/chemical); unique first-element behavior; group-wise study (preparation/properties/uses: e.g., boron/Al/borax/boric acid/diborane/BF3/AlCl3/alums; C/Si allotropes/oxides/SiCl4/silicates/zeolites/silicones; N/P allotropes/ammonia/nitric acid/phosphine/P-halides/oxides/oxoacids; O/ozone/S allotropes/SO2/H2SO4/oxoacids; Cl/HCl/interhalogens/halogen oxides/oxoacids; noble gases fluorides/oxides/Xe compounds). |
| 11 | d- and f-Block Elements | Transition elements (introduction/config/occurrence/characteristics; trends: physical properties/ionization/oxidation states/radii/color/catalysis/magnetism/complexes/interstitials/alloys; K2Cr2O7/KMnO4 prep/properties/uses); lanthanoids (config/oxidation states/contraction); actinoids (config/oxidation states). |
| 12 | Coordination Compounds | Introduction; Werner's theory; ligands/coordination number/denticity/chelation; IUPAC nomenclature (mononuclear); isomerism; bonding (valence bond/Crystal field theory basics); color/magnetic properties; importance (analysis/metal extraction/biology). |
| 15 | Hydrocarbons | Classification/isomerism/nomenclature/preparation/properties/reactions; alkanes (conformations: Sawhorse/Newman, halogenation mechanism); alkenes (geometrical isomerism, electrophilic addition: H2/halogens/H2O/HX (Markovnikov/peroxide), ozonolysis/polymerization); alkynes (acidity, addition: H2/halogens/H2O/HX, polymerization); aromatics (nomenclature, benzene structure/aromaticity, electrophilic substitution: halogenation/nitration/Friedel-Crafts, directive effects). |
| 16 | Organic Compounds Containing Halogens | Preparation/properties/reactions; C-X bond nature; substitution mechanisms; uses/environmental effects (chloroform/iodoform/freons/DDT). |
| 17 | Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen | Preparation/properties/reactions/uses; alcohols (primary/secondary/tertiary ID, dehydration mechanism); phenols (acidity, electrophilic substitution: halogenation/nitration/sulfonation, Reimer-Tiemann); ethers (structure); aldehydes/ketones (carbonyl nature, nucleophilic addition: HCN/NH3 derivatives/Grignard, oxidation/reduction (Wolff-Kishner/Clemmensen), α-H acidity, aldol/Cannizzaro/haloform; tests aldehyde/ketone distinction); carboxylic acids (acidity/factors). |
| 18 | Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen | Preparation/properties/reactions/uses; amines (nomenclature/classification/structure/basicity, primary/secondary/tertiary ID); diazonium salts (synthetic importance). |
| 19 | Biomolecules | Introduction/importance; carbohydrates (classification/aldoses/ketoses, monosaccharides: glucose/fructose, oligosaccharides: sucrose/lactose/maltose); proteins (α-amino acids/peptide bond/polypeptides, structures: primary/secondary/tertiary/quaternary, denaturation, enzymes); vitamins (classification/functions); nucleic acids (DNA/RNA constitution/functions); hormones (introduction). |
| 20 | Principles Related to Practical Chemistry | Extra elements detection (N/S/halogens); functional groups (OH/carbonyl/COOH/amino); preparations (inorganic: Mohr's salt/potash alum; organic: acetanilide/p-nitroacetanilide/aniline yellow/iodoform); titrimetry (acids/bases/indicators, oxalic acid/KMnO4, Mohr's salt/KMnO4); salt analysis (cations: Pb/Cu/Al/Fe/Zn/Ni/Ca/Ba/Mg/NH4; anions: CO3/S/SO4/NO3/NO2/Cl/Br/I); experiments (enthalpy solution/neutralization, sols prep, iodide-H2O2 kinetics). |